A recurring proposal suggests that the Deputy Speaker should be a member of the opposition.[195]. During this period, elections were managed by a neutral caretaker government. [75] The festivals of Durga's Return and Krishna's Birthday are public holidays. All subsequent acts, ordinances and laws have been promulgated in Bengali since 1987. In the tertiary education sector, the Bangladeshi government funds over 45 state universities[337] through the University Grants Commission. [22], Since 2010, BAF has taken the delivery of sixteen Chengdu F-7BGI fighter aircraft, sixteen Yakovlev Yak-130 advanced jet trainers, two C-130J transport aircraft,[23] nine K-8W jet trainer aircraft, three Let L-410 Turbolet transport trainer aircraft[24] and twenty three PT-6 basic trainers. [302][303], The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) reported in 2019 that the travel and tourism industry in Bangladesh directly generated 1,180,500 jobs in 2018 or 1.9 percent of the country's total employment. During its first five years of independence, Bangladesh adopted socialist policies. In 1940 Huq supported the Lahore Resolution, which envisaged independent states in the northwestern and eastern Muslim-majority regions of the subcontinent. A radical Islamist militant group, the JMB, carried out a series of terror attacks. [211] However, the Indian air force delivered aid shipments for Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. Mughal Dhaka was renowned for producing the finest Muslin saris, as well as the famed Dhakai and Jamdani, the weaving of which is listed by UNESCO as one of the masterpieces of humanity's intangible cultural heritage. [37] The word Bangla became the most common name for the region during the Islamic period. [304] According to the same report, Bangladesh experiences around 125,000 international tourist arrivals per year. [279], Following the pioneering work of Akhter Hameed Khan on rural development at Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development, several NGOs in Bangladesh including BRAC (the world's largest NGO),[280] and Grameen Bank, focused on rural development and poverty alleviation in the country. The music of Bangladesh features the Baul mystical tradition, listed by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of Intangible Cultural Heritage. According to senior World Bank officials, Pakistan practised extensive economic discrimination against East Pakistan: greater government spending on West Pakistan, financial transfers from East to West Pakistan, the use of East Pakistan's foreign-exchange surpluses to finance West Pakistani imports, and refusal by the central government to release funds allocated to East Pakistan because the previous spending had been under budget;[110] though East Pakistan generated 70 percent of Pakistan's export revenue with its jute and tea. The fuel tank of the aircraft reportedly caught fire after it used weaponry in the sky, leading the pilot to eject in low altitude. Japan is Bangladesh's largest economic-aid provider in the form of loans and the countries have common political goals. Divisions are subdivided into districts (zila). In Muslim-majority Bangladesh, meat consumption is greater; whereas in Hindu-majority West Bengal, vegetarianism is more prevalent. Robert Clive bribed Mir Jafar, the commander-in-chief of the Nawab's army, and also promised him to make him Nawab of Bengal which helped him to defeat Siraj-ud-Daulah and capture Calcutta. Akram Ahmed. [30], Other theories point to a Bronze Age proto-Dravidian tribe,[33] the Austric word "Bonga" (Sun god),[34][self-published source?] [19], Bangladesh Air Force was very active during Coronavirus pandemic . Socialism was later de-emphasised and neglected by successive governments. [86][20] The economic mismanagement directly led to the Great Bengal famine of 1770, which is estimated to have caused the deaths of about 10 million people,[87] as a third of the population in the affected region starved to death. In 1991, finance minister Saifur Rahman introduced a programme of economic liberalisation. In February 2015, the country made major deployments to Côte d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Darfur, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Golan Heights, Haiti, Lebanon, Liberia and South Sudan. In 2005 Bangladesh was the world's 20th-largest cement producer, an industry dependent on limestone imports from northeast India. [277] The Dhaka and Chittagong Stock Exchanges are the country's twin financial markets. But a disputed quota system coupled with politicisation and preference for seniority have allegedly affected the civil service's meritocracy. [18] On 25 November 2020, 64 female recruits completed airmens recruit training in Recruits Training School, Shamshernagar; this was the first time that the air force took females as airwomen. [28], Bangladesh has signed a government to government contract with the United Kingdom for the supply of two off-the-shelf C-130J aircraft currently in service with the Royal Air Force. [32][33] The subsequent military regime and BNP and Jatiya Party governments restored free markets and promoted the country's private sector. [50] Roman geographers noted a large seaport in southeastern Bengal, corresponding to the present-day Chittagong region.[51]. [363] In the Gupta Empire, Sanskrit literature thrived in the region. In 1972, the constitution included a bill of rights and declared "nationalism, socialism, democracy and secularity" as the principles of government policy. It was located in southern Bengal, with the core region including present-day southwestern Bangladesh and southern West Bengal (India). By August 1972, the new state was recognised by 86 countries. Straddling the Tropic of Cancer, Bangladesh's climate is tropical with a mild winter from October to March, and a hot, humid summer from March to June. In 1931, the East Bengal Cinematograph Society released the first full-length feature film in Bangladesh, titled the Last Kiss. Bangladesh hosted the South Asian Games several times. [327] Bangladesh has the fourth-largest Muslim population in the world, and is the third-largest Muslim-majority country (after Indonesia and Pakistan). Srinath Raghavan (2013) '1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh', Harvard University Press, This page was last edited on 14 May 2021, at 11:51. Jamdani motifs were similar to Iranian textile art (buta motifs) and Western textile art (paisley). Due to Mujib's detention, Syed Nazrul Islam took over the role of Acting President, while Tajuddin Ahmad was named Bangladesh's first Prime Minister. This page was last edited on 16 May 2021, at 15:23. Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the west, north, and east, Myanmar to the southeast, and the Bay of Bengal to the south. Life expectancy at birth was estimated at 72.49 years in 2016. [60] In 2021, Eurofighter World Magazinen already stated Bangladesh as a potential customer for Eurofighter Typhoon. [356], Malnutrition has been a persistent problem in Bangladesh, with the World Bank ranking the country first in the number of malnourished children worldwide. [388], The National Sports Council regulates 42 sporting federations. [377] Bangladesh also produces the Rajshahi silk. The Twin Otter boasted 7 rockets under each of its wings and could deliver ten 25 pound bombs, which were rolled out of the aircraft by hand through a makeshift door. London, Ellen (2004). [212] The crackdown against cattle smuggling in India has also affected Bangladesh. [173] Natural hazards that come from increased rainfall, rising sea levels, and tropical cyclones are expected to increase as the climate changes, each seriously affecting agriculture, water and food security, human health, and shelter. [190] The Proclamation of Independence enunciated the values of "equality, human dignity and social justice". The judiciary is often influenced by legal developments in the Commonwealth of Nations, such as the doctrine of legitimate expectation. Bangladesh was ranked 146th among 180 countries on Transparency International's 2018 Corruption Perceptions Index. Students who pass this examination proceed to two years of higher secondary education, culminating in the Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSC) examination.[338]. [301], Bangladesh's tourist attractions include historical sites and monuments, resorts, beaches, picnic spots, forests and wildlife of various species. A maritime air support operation centre (MASOC) will be set up under southern command. [210] Bangladesh and India are South Asia's largest trading partners. [289] The second-busiest seaport is Mongla. The United Nations is concerned about government "measures that restrict freedom of expression and democratic space". [158] Community-led total sanitation, addressing the problem of open defecation in rural areas, is credited with improving public health since its introduction in 2000. The following year, the Awami League abolished the caretaker-government system. According to the World Bank, poor governance, corruption and weak public institutions are also major challenges. Rahman banned all newspapers except four state-owned publications, and amended the constitution to increase his power. Routledge. Major industries include textiles, pharmaceuticals, shipbuilding, steel, electronics, energy, construction materials, chemicals, ceramics, food processing, and leather goods. [369] Women dominate blue collar jobs in the Bangladeshi garment industry. [375] Sabina Yasmin and Runa Laila are considered the leading playback singers in the modern time, while musician Ayub Bachchu is credited with popularising Bengali rock music in Bangladesh.[376]. [272] Bangladesh has substantial coal reserves, with several coal mines operating in the northwest. The earliest known usage of the term is the Nesari plate in 805 AD. Despite poor working conditions and war affecting overseas Bangladeshi workers, relations with Middle Eastern countries are friendly and bounded by religion and culture. [58] However the purchase of AH-64 Apache helicopters is still stuck because Bangladesh has not yet signed the Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA) and General Security of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA) agreements with the United States yet. Similar gatherings are observed at the National Martyrs’ Memorial on Independence Day and Victory Day to remember the national heroes of the Bangladesh Liberation War. [189], One of the key aspects of Bangladeshi politics is the "spirit of the liberation war" which refers to the ideals of the liberation movement during the Bangladesh Liberation War. A developing nation, Bangladesh is one of the Next Eleven emerging markets. Martial law was declared, and the presidency passed to the usurper Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad for four months. The cyclones of 1970 and 1991 were particularly devastating, the latter killing some 140,000 people. The handloom industry supplies 60–65% of the country's clothing demand. See. Bangladesh air force received an Italian origin long range Selex RAT-31DL air defence radar in 2019. 3 January 2018: 1 Mil Mi-17 helicopter crashed in Sreemangal whilst carrying Kuwaiti delegates. [146][147] In 2008 the ninth general election saw a return to power for Sheikh Hasina and the Awami League led Grand Alliance in a landslide victory. In 1977, the army chief Ziaur Rahman became president. [184], Bangladesh is a de jure representative democracy under its constitution, with a Westminster-style unitary parliamentary republic that has universal suffrage. [23] The constitution declares Bangladesh a secular state, while establishing Islam as a state religion. Set), (written by 1300 scholars & 22 editors) The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Rahman amended the constitution, giving himself more emergency powers (including the suspension of fundamental rights). The country has never recorded an air temperature below 0 °C (32 °F), with a record low of 1.1 °C (34.0 °F) in the north west city of Dinajpur on 3 February 1905. Mughal Bengal's most celebrated artistic tradition was the weaving of Jamdani motifs on fine muslin, which is now classified by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage. The Bangladeshi private sector has rapidly expanded, with a number of conglomerates driving the economy. 1, Macmillan Reference US, 2006, pp. [109] In 1966, Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman announced a six-point movement for a federal parliamentary democracy. Under the constitution, the president acts on the advice of the prime minister. As the Brahmaputra, the Ganges and Meghna spilt over and swallowed 300,000 houses, 9,700 km (6,000 mi) of road and 2,700 km (1,700 mi) of embankment, 1,000 people were killed and 30 million more were made homeless; 135,000 cattle were killed; 50 km2 (19 sq mi) of land were destroyed; and 11,000 km (6,800 mi) of roads were damaged or destroyed. The Bangladeshi diaspora contributed $15.31 billion in remittances in 2015. A notable aspect of company rule was the Permanent Settlement, which established the feudal zamindari system. The drafter of the constitution in 1972, Dr. Kamal Hossain, was influenced by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Public holidays include the Islamic observances of Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-al-Adha, the Prophet's Birthday, Ashura and Shab-e-Barat. [267] Leather-goods manufacturing, particularly footwear, is the second-largest export sector. Bengali classical music includes Tagore songs and Nazrul Sangeet. Bangladesh joined the Commonwealth of Nations, the UN, the OIC and the Non-Aligned Movement, and Rahman strengthened ties with India. Other animals include the black giant squirrel, capped langur, Bengal fox, sambar deer, jungle cat, king cobra, wild boar, mongooses, pangolins, pythons and water monitors. 237–240, World History in Context. socialist states not espousing Marxism–Leninism, Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities, Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, Official Seal of the Government of Bangladesh, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Federation of Pakistan v. 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Over 200 newspapers are published in the country. The unit consists of three training squadrons which will provide advanced training to the pilots selected for operating the fighter jets. The unique aspect of the language is that it is used by the Chakma people, who are a population with similarities to the people of East Asia, rather than the Indian subcontinent. An estimated 98 percent of the country's population had access to improved water sources by 2004[296] (a high percentage for a low-income country), achieved largely through the construction of hand pumps with support from external donors. [35][failed verification] The Bangladesh Air Force is currently commanded by Air Marshal Masihuzzaman Serniabat, BBP, OSP, ndu, psc.[35][36]. Bengali is one of the easternmost branches of the Indo-European language family. The title of the ruler is popularly known as the Nawab of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa, given that the Bengali Nawab's realm encompassed much of the eastern subcontinent. In 1615, the Portuguese Navy defeated a joint Dutch East India Company and Arakanese fleet near the coast of Chittagong. The League claimed the right to form a government and develop a new constitution but was strongly opposed by the Pakistani military and the Pakistan Peoples Party (led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto). [93] Bengal was one of the first regions in Asia to have a railway. Meat consumption includes chicken, beef, mutton, venison, duck and squab. The recorded history of art in Bangladesh can be traced to the 3rd century BCE, when terracotta sculptures were made in the region. The country has 50 wildlife sanctuaries. Political repression increased after the coup. [241], According to National Human Rights Commission, 70% of alleged human-rights violations are committed by law-enforcement agencies. [62] According to Dirk Hoke, CEO Airbus Defence and Space, "The new Tranche 4 Eurofighter is currently the most modern European-built combat aircraft with a service life well beyond 2060. Bangladesh Television (BTV) is the state-owned television network. The following year, East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan as part of the One Unit program and the province became a vital part of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. US President Joe Biden speaks to Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu on Israel-Palestine conflict India, Pakistan armies exchange sweets on the occasion of Eid-Ul-Fitr Cameroon cancels National Day celebrations due to COVID-19 Everyone would be brought under COVID vaccination programme in Bangladesh: PM Sheikh Hasina Cameroon cancels National Day celebrations due to … The American multinational corporation Chevron produces 50 percent of Bangladesh's natural gas. [353] A health watch, a pilot community-empowerment tool, was successfully developed and implemented in south-eastern Bangladesh to improve the uptake and monitoring of public-health services. The Bengal Provincial Muslim League was formed in 1913 to advocate civil rights for Bengali Muslims within a constitutional framework. In the ancient and classical periods of the Indian subcontinent, the territory was home to many principalities, including the Pundra, Gangaridai, Gauda, Samatata, and Harikela. It is a state party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Iftekhar Iqbal (2010) The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943, Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies, Palgrave Macmillan. The Raj was slow to allow self-rule in the colonial subcontinent. Begum Rokeya is regarded as the pioneer feminist writer of Bangladesh. The judiciary includes district and metropolitan courts, which are divided into civil and criminal courts. The principalities were notable for their overseas trade, contacts with the Roman world, the export of fine muslin and silk to the Middle East, and spreading of philosophy and art to Southeast Asia. In 2008, the Supreme Court paved the way for citizenship for the Stranded Pakistanis, who were an estimated 300,000 stateless people. It is divided into three protected sanctuaries–the South, East and West zones. Sino-Bangladesh relations date to the 1950s and are relatively warm, despite the Chinese leadership siding with Pakistan during Bangladesh's war of independence. The northeast and southeast are home to evergreen hill ranges. The National Library of Bangladesh was established in 1972. In 2016, the king of Saudi Arabia called Bangladesh "one of the most important Muslim countries". [273][274] Shipbuilding has grown rapidly, with exports to Europe.[275]. [228] Bangladesh also recognises the third gender. [188] Bangladesh experienced a two party system between 1990 and 2014, when the Awami League and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) alternated in power. [29] The Bangladeshi economy is the 39th-largest in the world by nominal GDP, and the 29th-largest by PPP. The Bengali population was angered when Prime Minister-elect Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was prevented from taking the office. Rahman reinstated multiparty politics, privatised industries and newspapers, established BEPZA and held the country's second general election in 1979. [48][49] The site is also identified with the prosperous trading center of Souanagoura listed on Ptolemy's world map. [125] During the war, an estimated 0.3 to 3 million people were killed and several million people took shelter in neighbouring India. Bangladesh (/ˌbæŋləˈdɛʃ/,[16] Bengali: বাংলাদেশ, pronounced [ˈbaŋlaˌdeʃ] (listen)), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. Alongside are national days like the remembrance of 21 February 1952 Language Movement Day (declared as International Mother Language Day by UNESCO in 1999),[380] Independence Day and Victory Day. Ahmad, Shamsuddin (2012). [9] In 1977 some personnel of Bangladesh Air Force staged a mutiny. Water lilies and lotuses grow vividly during the monsoon season. [293] A nuclear power plant is under construction with Russian support in the Ruppur Nuclear Power Plant project which will add 2160 MW when fully operational. Buddha's Birthday is a public holiday. The Mymensingh Museum houses the personal antique collections of Bengali aristocrats in central Bengal. [165] A warm and humid monsoon season lasts from June to October and supplies most of the country's rainfall. Pakistan adopted its first constitution in 1956. Partition gave increased economic opportunity to East Bengalis, producing an urban population during the 1950s.[102][103]. A conservative Islamic cleric, Haji Shariatullah, sought to overthrow the British by propagating Islamic revivalism. The provisional government issued a proclamation that became the country's interim constitution and declared "equality, human dignity, and social justice" as its fundamental principles. A. K. Fazlul Huq of the Krishak Praja Party was elected as the first Prime Minister of Bengal. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 163 million people, in an area of 147,570 square kilometres (56,980 sq mi), making it one of the most densely populated countries in the world. The countries are collaborating in regional economic and infrastructure projects, such as a regional motor-vehicle agreement in eastern South Asia and a coastal shipping agreement in the Bay of Bengal. [11] Bangladesh bought 8 Mig-29 from Russia in 1999 under Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. The Hindu and Buddhist communities have experienced religious violence from Islamic groups – notably the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami and its student wing (Shibir). GoJet Airlines joins United Airlines’ aviate pilot development program GoJet Airlines today announced it is joining Aviate, United Airlines’ innovative pilot development program. The northeastern Sylhet region is home to haor wetlands, which is a unique ecosystem. [141], After a year in office, Sattar was overthrown in the 1982 Bangladesh coup d'état. The Bengal Legislative Assembly, British India's largest legislature, was established in 1937. [291][292] About 56 percent of the country's commercial energy is generated by natural gas, followed by oil, hydropower and coal. Students who pass the PEC examination proceed to secondary or matriculation training, culminating in the SSC examination. [343] It has 6 public research based agricultural university, and they are: Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sylhet Agricultural University, Khulna Agricultural University, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. Although many areas are protected under law, a large portion of Bangladeshi wildlife is threatened by this growth. Bangladesh). Abdul Momen", "B'desh should not establish ties with Israel: Experts", "Statement by Her Excellency Ms. Dipu Moni, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Bangladesh", "Bangladesh Opting for Peace Rather Than Nuclear Arms", "Bangladesh Adds Third Gender Option to Voter Forms", "Where does Bangladesh stand on homosexuality issue? The total length of the country's road and highway network is nearly 21,000 kilometers (13,000 miles). Bengali literature is a millennium-old tradition; the Charyapadas are the earliest examples of Bengali poetry. [229] However, Homosexuality is outlawed by section 377 of the criminal code (a legacy of the colonial period), and is punishable by a maximum of life imprisonment. The Bangladeshi press is diverse, outspoken and privately owned. Later China also supplied some equipment. By the 11th century people lived in systemically-aligned housing, buried their dead, and manufactured copper ornaments and black and red pottery. [156] 17% of the country is covered by forests and 12% is covered by hill systems. The second caretaker government, led by Chief Adviser Justice Latifur Rahman, oversaw the 2001 Bangladeshi general election which returned Begum Zia and the BNP to power. Muhammad Yunus successfully pioneered microfinance as a sustainable tool for poverty alleviation and others followed suit. Germany already ordered 38 Trance 4s as a launch customer with cost of 5.4 billion euro in late 2020. [290], Bangladesh had an installed electrical capacity of 20,000 megawatts in 2018, reaching 23,548 MW in 2020. Bengal accounted for 40% of overall Dutch imports from Asia; including more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks. [284] These include better flood control and irrigation, a generally more efficient use of fertilisers, and the establishment of better distribution and rural credit networks.[284]. The Gupta Empire, Pala Empire, the Chandra dynasty, and the Sena dynasty were the last pre-Islamic Bengali middle kingdoms. The human population is concentrated in urban areas, hence limiting deforestation to a certain extent. Hence, the name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal".[35]. The architecture of the Bengal Sultanate saw a distinct style of domed mosques with complex niche pillars that had no minarets. Bengali developed from Sanskrit and Magadhi Prakrit in the 8th to 10th century. [62][63], During the 18th century, the Nawabs of Bengal became the region's de facto rulers. [271] According to geologists, the Bay of Bengal contains large, untapped gas reserves in Bangladesh's exclusive economic zone. While most of Bangladeshi law is secular; marriage, divorce, and inheritance are governed by Islamic, Hindu and Christian family law. It is surrounded almost entirely by neighbouring India—and shares a small border with Myanmar to its southeast, thought it lies very close to Nepal, Bhutan, and China. [42] The Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers were natural arteries for communication and transportation,[42] and estuaries on the Bay of Bengal permitted maritime trade. Most of the country is dominated by the fertile Ganges Delta, the largest river delta in the world. Folk music is accompanied by a one-stringed instrument known as the ektara. [357][358] More than 54% of preschool-age children are stunted, 56% are underweight and more than 17% are wasted. Hindus in Bangladesh are evenly distributed, with concentrations in Gopalganj, Dinajpur, Sylhet, Sunamganj, Mymensingh, Khulna, Jessore, Chittagong and parts of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The writer Syed Mujtaba Ali is noted for his cosmopolitan Bengali worldview. The architectural traditions of Bangladesh have a 2,500-year-old heritage. 23 November 2018: Wing Commander Arif Ahmed Dipu died when his F-7BG crashed in Tangail's Madhupur upazila on a training mission. The Dhaka Nawab Family patronised the production of several silent films in the 1920s and 30s. Pithas are traditional boiled desserts made with rice or fruits. [252][253][254], Like for many developing countries, institutional corruption is a serious concern for Bangladesh.
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