[107] According to the last census, only 8% of the population declare themselves as without religious belief and more than 1000 different religions or beliefs were recorded. Celle-ci a lieu généralement dans les terreiros où les initiés portent allégeance à leur orixa tout en promettant de servir la communauté. Ils sont les sous-commandants du terreiro. Une telle reconnaissance permet à l'initié de devenir "filho-de-santo" (fils de saint, en français), ce qui l'autorise à parvenir au troisième degré. [275] Vargas approved the presidential Law Decree 1202, which recognized the legitimacy of terreiros and allowed them to practice. [263], Although the Church succeeded in many cases, not all slaves converted. [257] Brazil received a larger number of enslaved Africans than any other part of the Americas;[258] Bahia had the highest concentration of these enslaved Africans in Brazil. [160] Leur rôle principal est de veiller au bon fonctionnement du terreiro. En effet, elle est considérée non seulement comme le moyen d'honorer les divinités mais de rentrer directement en contact avec celles-ci. [310], Although objects associated with Candomblé were initially found only in police museums, thus underscoring the stereotypical association between the religion and criminality, as it gained greater public acceptance such objects eventually came to be featured in museums devoted to folklore and Afro-Brazilian culture. De caractère irascible, il aime susciter les disputes, provoquer les accidents, et les calamités publiques et privées. Bien que certaines cultures d'origine africaine du continent américain s'uniformisent aujourd'hui autour de la culture Yoruba, les esclaves brésiliens appartenaient à différents groupes ethniques, incluant les Mbundus, les Kongos, les Ovimbundus, les Yorubas, les Ewes et les Fon. The prominent place of priestesses within Candomblé has led some observers to describe it as a matriarchal religion, although such a characterisation has been disputed. The late 20th century saw growing links between Candomblé and related traditions in West Africa and the Americas, such as Cuban Santería and Haitian Vodou. Deriving their names and attributes from traditional West African gods, they are equated with Roman Catholic saints. Il aime le maïs vert, les racines et les fruits. [273] The late 19th century saw the first terreiros open in Rio de Janeiro, a city then seeing a rapid expansion in its population. [124] Ce « blanchissement social », relaté par les voyageurs [285] The prominent priestess Mãe Stella Azevedo for instance called on adherents to renounce all Roman Catholic saints and transform Candomblé into a more purely African tradition. [35] The orixá Exú is regarded as a trickster;[63] he is usually honoured and fed first in any ritual. For instance, practitioners successfully called upon the Museum of the City of Salvador to remove some otá stones from public display, arguing that according to the regulations of the religion such items should never be visible to the public. [221] Three main types of drum are employed, the largest being the rum, the middle-sized being the rumpi, and the smallest being the lé. [90] These spirits come in two main forms: those who are boiadeiros ("cowboys" or "backwoodsmen") and those who are indigenous peoples of the Americas. [105], Candomblé teaches the existence of a force called ashe or axé. [250] It is also believed that humans can cause harm to others via supernatural means. Elle est associée dans la religion catholique à Nossa Senhora das Candeias. La divinité créatrice a également une importance capitale dans la vie sociale des membres d'un terreiro. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1997. K' oba laro ie Exú !!!. [40] [65] They contain an altar to the deities, a space to perform ceremonies, and accommodation for the priests or priestesses. Peut-être est-ce dû au syncrétisme qui permettait aux adeptes de cacher leurs dieux d'Afrique sous les traits des saints catholiques. [158] Orixá de la chasse et des animaux, de l'abondance et de l'alimentation. [101] Those who are only recently deceased are termed aparacá,[40] while after they have been "educated" by receiving sacrifices they become babá. [305] [77], Candomblé also teaches the existence of spirits other than the orixás. L'évolution semi-indépendante de leurs religions, dans des régions différentes et parmi des ethnies variées, a permis une diversification des noms des divinités vénérées, des coutumes, de la musique, des vêtements liturgiques et du langage sacré utilisé dans les rites et les cérémonies. Toutefois, seulement une douzaine de divinités sont honorées dans la majorité des terreiros des grandes villes brésiliennes comme Salvador da Bahia ou Rio de Janeiro. Elle est la déesse de la beauté et elle a une forte liaison avec le monde spirituel. Possession by egums is considered rare, but does happen. The twins are said to protect women and children, and their patron saint day is the most important religious holiday in Bahia. Représenté par la couleur rouge et blanche, il apprécie le Quiabo gombo (légume capsulé, conique, vert et poilu, produit par le quiabeiro « Hibiscus esculentus » gombo), le mouton et les tortues. [269] Although now free, life for Brazil's former slaves rarely improved. [296] Male practitioners are often stereotyped as being gay,[297] and it has attracted many male homosexuals as practitioners;[119] in Rio de Janeiro for example the gay male community has had longstanding links with the terreiros, which have often been seen as part of a gay social network. Info. [193] They will be dressed in white clothing;[194] a small bell may be attached to them to alert others if they leave the terreiro. Gordon, Jacob U. " [129] The bakisse is the "room of the saints", a storeroom containing both ritual paraphernalia and the assentamentos of the orixás,[130] while the roncó ("retreat room") or camarinha is used during initiations. [211], Following the initiation, the new initiate may be presented to the rest of the community through a public "coming-out" ceremony, the saida. (December 1979): P. 231- 244, Matory, J. Lorand. [216] Academic studies have in turn influenced the way that the religion is practices, helping to establish "correct practice" among divergent groups. One of these spirit groups are the exus,[66] sometimes termed exuas when female,[82] or exu-mirims when children. [203] Animals are sacrificed, including from a four-legged animal, and some of the blood may be touched on parts of the initiate's body. Déesse du Niger, elle commande les vents et les tempêtes. Several forms of divination are utilized to decipher messages from the orixás. [94] The caboclos favor beer, whereas the exus prefer wine and hard liquor, especially cachaça;[95] the caboclos are also characterised as smoking cigars. [198], The initiate is then secluded in a room in the terreiro called the roncô,[199] during which time they are termed an îao. [68] The Candomblé religion involves the veneration of spirits called Orixas. [192] The initiate is first brought to the terreiro, where they are left for a period of relaxation, the descanso, so that they might become 'cool', as opposed to 'hot'. Contrairement aux idées reçues, les adeptes de cette religion afro-brési [124] Johnson characterised Candomblé as a secret society,[125] as it makes use of secrecy. [48] The necklace is colored according to the tutelary orixá of the initiate; white for Oxalá, dark blue for Ogum, or red and white for Xangô, for instance. Ils veillent à ce que les offrandes, qui peuvent se présenter sous différentes formes (nourriture, objets), correspondent à la bonne divinité (chaque divinité requérant des offrandes différentes). D'abord confiné parmi la population africaine esclave, prohibé par l'Église catholique romaine et criminalisé par de nombreux gouvernements, le candomblé a prospéré secrètement jusqu'à l'abolition de l'esclavage en 1888. [168] These are kept in ceramic jars alongside ferramentos, or metal objects associated with specific orixá,[169] statues of the associated Roman Catholic saints,[165] and a mix of water, honey, and herbal preparations. [39] It contains an assemblage of objects termed the assentamento ("seat") of the orixá. In São Paulo, for instance, there were virtually no Candomblé terreiros until the 1960s, reflecting the very small Afro-Brazilian population there, although this grew rapidly, to the extent that there were around 2500 terreiros in the city in the late 1980s and over 4000 by the end of the 1990s. Une cérémonie est alors organisée pour tous les candidats de ce degré. [42] The ritual payment of money, often accompanying the sacrifices, is termed dinheiro do chão ("money for the floor"). Il se joue sur trois tambours (atabaques) avec des baguettes. • Bastide, Roger (1961) [First published 1958]. Le Candomblé est une religion qui compte pas moins de trois millions de fidèles et fait de plus en plus d'adeptes au Brésil. [9] There can be enmity between terreiros,[51] for they compete with one another for members,[156] and defection of individuals from one to another being common. [259] On being brought to Brazil, these slaves were divided into "nations", primarily on their port of embarkation rather than their original etho-cultural identities. Other articles where Candomblé is discussed: African music: History: …Brazil the music of the Candomblé religion, for example, can be directly linked to 18th- and 19th-century forms of orisha worship among the Yoruba. [246] It is common for 16 shells to be thrown, and then a further four to confirm the answer provided by the first throwing. [178] Offerings to the orixás include fruit and sacrificed animals. For instance, Maria Bethânia and Gal Costa's song "Prayer to Mãe Menininha" made it into the country's chart. [109] In Brazil, various stores specialise in paraphernalia required in Camdomblé. Il est représenté par la couleur verte ou bleue. [165], Ritual objects are sanctified with a herbal infusion called amaci. Retrieved 2019-03-18. [221] Participants are expected to wear white, with women wearing skirts. [6] The orixás are understood as being morally ambiguous, each with their own virtues and flaws;[43] they are sometimes in conflict with other orixás. Au début du siècle dernier, dans l’état d’Acre, est née une nouvelle religion associant des rites catholiques, des danses de possession issues du Candomblé et des pratiques hallucinogènes des Indiens d’Amazonie. [110] Blood contains axé in its most concentrated form. A prostration before the priest or priestess, or before someone possessed by an orixá, is termed a dobalé;[9] prostrating before one's mother or father of the saint is called iká. [229] Among practitioners, it is sometimes claimed that in the past men did not take part in the dances that lead to possession. Souvent représenté par la couleur brune ou noire, il dévore « tout ce que la bouche mange », adore la gymnastique, la pinga (argot brésilien pour désigner le rhum local, la cachaça) et n’importe quelle autre boisson alcoolisée. Ses fonctions religieuses sont diverses et incluent la connaissance des écritures sacrées, la conduite de toutes les cérémonies et des rites ainsi que la pratique de l'ensemble des liturgies religieuses du candomblé en entier. Amoureux, malin, créatif, persistent, impulsif, joueur, obscène, orateur de génie. She subsequently combined ideas from Candomblé with those of Gnosticism in her depiction of the religion pursued by "The Convent", an all-female community in her 1991 novel Paradise. Aimant les verdures et les légumes rouges, les couleurs la représentant sont le rouge et le brun. [263], The Roman Catholic nature of Brazilian colonial society, which allowed for a cult of saints, may have permitted greater leeway for the survival of traditional African religions than were available in Protestant-dominant areas of the Americas. Elle régit la boue, matière première des hommes, et la mort. In a similar manner, Umbanda religious ceremonies are an extension of traditional healing sessions still practiced in Angola, and vodun religious music among the Fon of… [27], An individual who has taken steps toward initiation but not yet undergone this process is termed an abiã. McGowan, Chris and Pessanha, Ricardo. [55], Xangô is the orixá associated with thunder and lightning;[56] one of his wives is Obá, a warrior who has only one ear. [287] [145] A priestess running a terreiro is a mâe de santo (mother of saints),[146] a priest who does so is a pai de santo (father of saints). [181] [133] The terreiro will often have a cumeeira, central pole in the structure believed to link our world with the otherworld of the orixá. [233] 2005 – Wayne State University Press. [227] As it entails being "mounted", being possessed is regarded as being a symbolically female role. Copy link. [303], Since the 1960s, Candomblé has featured in various films, such as The Given Word (1962) and The Amulet of Ogum (1974), as well as documentaries like Geraldo Sarno's Iaô (1974). Après avoir découvert le feu et la forge, il les a donnés comme cadeaux aux hommes. [158] Walker believed that it was these that represented "the real core of the religious life of the Candomblé community. [24] For instance, Oxalá has been conflated with Our Lord of Bonfim,[55] Oxum with Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception,[69] and Ogum with St Anthony of Padua. [183] Bird sacrifices are sometimes performed not as an offering, but as part of a ritual cleansing;[178] the bird will sometimes be wiped over the human requiring cleansing; it will then have its legs, wings, and finally its neck broken. Sa salutation est « Odoyá ». [20] Each lineage or community of practitioners is autonomous. [9] When a ceremony starts, practitioners typically provide a padé, or propitiatory offering, to the orixá Exu. [203] They will be bathed in water mixed with herbs,[204] especially their head,[205] which will then be shaved. [262] Whereas in Africa, people had generally venerated deities associated with their specific region, these commitments were broken up by the process of enslavement and transportation. [111], The teachings of Candomblé influence the daily life of its practitioners. [223] The head drummer is known as the alabê. [54] In the panán, the initiate is symbolically re-taught mundane tasks,[181] a ritual sometimes followed by an auction in which the initiate is symbolically sold to their spouse or a member of their family, a reference to the era of slavery. [213] During this, they may be expected to give the name of the marca of their tutelary orixá, which they are supposed to have discovered via a dream. [88], Also present in Candomblé are the caboclos,[89] the name of which probably derives from the Tupi language term kari'boka ("deriving from the white"). [207] A cone of wax, the adoxu, is then placed on the wound to stem the bleeding;[208] the head will then be wrapped in cloth. On dénombre plus de 2 230 maisons (en portugais : terreiros) dans la seule ville de Salvador da Bahia. Leur origine remonte aux siècles passés et vient d’Afrique où 15% des esclaves se revendiquaient du culte de Mahomet. African-derived religions in Brazil include, most prominently, Candomblé and Umbanda, as well as Xango, Batuque, Cantimbo, and Macumba, which are regionally associated traditions. [39] Obaluaiê or Omolu is the orixá associated with disease and curing,[59] while Osanyin is associated with leaves, herbs, and herbal knowledge. An initiatory tradition, Candomblé's members usually meet in temples known as terreiros run by priests called babalorixás and priestesses called ialorixás. Le candomblé, spécialement à Salvador de Bahia, est une religion « pratiquée par trois nations : ketu/nagô (iorubá) ; angola/congo (bantu) e jeje (fon/ewê) » (AMARAL, 2009, p. 40). 1936–37. 409–439.". [28] [98] Death is personified in the figure of Iku. [272] The authorities continued to shut down terreiros, claiming they were a threat to public health. Festivals for the caboclos usually take place on 2 July, the day which marks Bahia's independence from Portugal. À l'époque coloniale, les missionnaires catholiques du Brésil convertissaient les esclaves au catholicisme. Il trouve son origine dans l'ethnie Yoruba, essentiellement dans la ville de Kétou au Bénin. Il domine les passages, carrefours et croisées de chemins - lieux fréquentés par les esprits malveillants et favorables aux arts magiques. Candomblé developed among Afro-Brazilian communities amid the Atlantic slave trade of the 16th to 19th centuries. [73] Child forms of the orixás are termed erês. Elle a pour attribut un miroir. Omari-Tunkara, Mikelle S. "Manipulating the Sacred: Yoruba Art, Ritual, and Resistance in Brazilian Candomble". [104] The contra-egum is an armband made of plaited raffia which is sometimes worn to ward off these dead spirits. [41] Practitioners varyingly define these orixás as "African spirits," "energies", or "forces of nature",[6] and they are often conceived as being ancestral figures. [210] With the incisions made, the orixá is "seated" within the individual's head during the assentar o santo ritual. Brazil: Companhia Editora Nacional [pt]. Il est associé dans la religion catholique à saint Sébastien. [77], Although the precise nature of the liturgical calendar varies between terreiros, Candomblé features a yearly cycle of festivals or feasts to the orixás. Ces nations demeurent toutefois indépendantes en termes de pratiques quotidiennes. [37] [65] Rituals are often focused on pragmatic needs regarding issues such as prosperity, health, love, and fecundity;[42] they often begin long after the advertised starting time. [12], Candomblé has been described as a much maligned religion. [306] References to the religion also appeared in Brazilian popular music. Yoruba is used as a ritual language,[161] although few practitioners understand the meanings of these Yoruba words. Carneiro, Edison. This page was last edited on 14 April 2021, at 16:28. L'univers du candomblé (rites, danses, musique, fêtes) est devenu partie intégrante de la culture et du folklore brésiliens. Cet esprit ouvre le chemin afin que les orixas descendent sur terre. [209] Depending on the terreiro, cuts may also be made on the tip of the initiate's tongue, on their back, upper arms, thighs, buttocks, and the soles of their feet. Le candomblé est une des religions afro-brésiliennes pratiquées au Brésil, mais également dans les pays voisins tels que l'Uruguay, le Paraguay, l'Argentine ou encore le Venezuela. Translated by Queiroz, Maria Isaura Pereira. A newer initiate is known as an iaô,[29] and an elder initiate is known as an ebomi. They believe that through this possessed individual, they can communicate directly with a deity. [121] It entails throwing cowrie shells onto the floor and then interpreting answers from the sides onto which they have landed. Une initiation est donc nécessaire dans le but d'identifier l'orixa du membre initié. Synonyme de la variole, son nom ne doit pas être prononcé. [200] In some rituals, practitioners will drink a concoction containing jurema, a mildly hallucinogenic plant, which is sometimes mixed with the blood of sacrificed animals. [187] At their initiation, they are given a new name, the nome de santo (saint's name), which usually indicates the identity of their tutelary orixá. Outside Brazil, practitioners have faced challenges in performing animal sacrifice; in Germany, for instance, it is banned by law. [172], Offerings are known as ebós,[173] and are believed to generate axé which then gives the orixá the power to aid their worshippers. Les rites sacrificiels et de possession caractérisant le candomblé ont longtemps été stigmatisés dans l’imaginaire de la société brésilienne. In understanding the role of religiosity in Brazil, Afro-Brazilian women who are maes do santos have used Candomblé to advocate for social parity in Brazil. [147] These "parents of saints" are often known for seeking to exert considerable control over their initiates,[148] who are expected to submit to their authority. [240] These are typically held on the Roman Catholic saint's day associated with the saint linked to a particular orixá. Un ensemble de couleurs, d'objets, de vêtements et d'aliments favoris distingue chaque orixa (ou chaque saint par association). Il est le père de tous, et l'orixá de la paix. [311] Various practitioners own books on Candomblé and other Afro-American religions, including those written in languages they cannot understand, as a mean of presenting an image of authority. Within Candomblé, it is regarded as a privilege to be possessed by an orixá. [14] Déesse des eaux de mer, elle protège les familles, les enfants et la pêche. Les sacrifices d’animaux se pratiquent surtout dans les tereiros. [231] When they dance, it will often be stylized and controlled. [259] Between 1775 and 1850, the majority of the enslaved people brought to Brazil came from the Gulf of Benin, largely in what is now Benin and Nigeria. Chaque orixa est doté d'une personnalité, d'une habileté et de préférences rituelles qui lui sont propres. "[284] In the closing decades of the 20th century, some practitioners sought to remove Roman Catholic-influenced aspects from the religion to return it to its West African roots. Template:Afro-Brazilian topics sidebar Candomblé (Portuguese pronunciation: [kɐ̃dõˈblɛ]) is an African-originated or Afro-Brazilian religion, practised chiefly in Brazil by the "povo de santo" (people of saint). "[6] Practitioners believe axé can move around,[109] and thus can be transmitted, with a human having either a growing or diminishing supply. [269] Under British pressure, the Brazilian government passed the Quieróz law of 1850 which abolished the slave trade, although not slavery itself. [57] Oya is the orixá of wind and storms. Johnson noted that Candomblé appears to appeal to those who identify strongly with an African heritage;[254] some black people in Germany have been attracted to it because they feel it is a more authentically African religion than the forms of Christianity and Islam now dominant across Africa. Au cours des cérémonies, les orixas sont invités à entrer dans les terreiros, au moyen de tambours, de chants et de danses, mais aussi de nourriture, d'herbes et d'encens sacré. In Candomblé, the relationship between the orixás and humanity is seen as being one of interdependence,[45] with practitioners seeking to build harmonious relationships with these deities,[46] thus securing their protection. [249], A sick person is regarded as having an "open" body that is vulnerable to harmful influences and lacks axé. [158] These public rites are both preceded and succeeded by a range of private ritual acts. [119] Various lesbians have also been identified as practitioners,[114] although the anthropologist Andrea Stevenson Allen argued that they rarely received the same level of affirmation from the religion as their gay male counterparts. [116], The community of a terreiro is called an egbé. [154] Being initiated connects an individual to the historical lineage of the terreiro;[155] this lineage is linked to the axé of the terreiro, an axé that can be transferred from a mother-terreiro to a new one being established. [268] The 1820s and 1830s saw increased police repression of African-derived religions in Brazil. 2nd edition. African-derived religions have played an important role in the formation of Afro-Brazilian ethnic identities, both … [109] Johnson characterised it as "a creative spiritual force with real material effects. [47] Each orixá is associated with specific colours, foods, animals, and minerals. [112] Voici une liste non exhaustive des principales nations et sub-nations de candomblé et de leur région de prédilection : Contrairement à une idée reçue, le candomblé est une religion monothéiste. [5] The anthropologist Paul Christopher Johnson stated that, "at its most basic level", Candomblé can be defined as "the practice of exchange with orixás";[6] the scholar Joana Bahia called it "the religion of the orishas. [157] [222] These drums are understood as living and need to be fed. [134] This stands above the entoto ("foundation") of the terreiro,[135] a space which is periodically "fed" with offerings. Les Africains déportés du Nigeria appartenaient à l'ethnie Yoruba et avaient gardé, comme d'autres, de leur religion d'origine beaucoup d'aspects, masquant à peine leur pratique. During Yemanja's Day (2 February), practitioners commonly load boats full of offerings, which are then taken out onto the water and thrown overboard;[241] this festival has become increasingly popular among the public in parts of Brazil. [298], Many practitioners of Candomblé already have a family link to the tradition, with their parents or other elder relatives being initiates. [40] [178] Some of the food may then be taken away, to be left in the forest, thrown into a body of water, or placed at a crossroads;[182] this is referred to as "suspending a sacrifice". Il vient d'Angola, comme son nom l'indique, et se joue à mains nues sur les instruments. These range in size from small houses to large compounds,[124] and consist of a series of rooms, some of which are considered off-limits to non-initiates. Practitioners believe that in giving blood to their ritual paraphernalia it renews the axé of these objects. [123] [76] This orixá is described as being dono da cabeça:[9] the "master or mistress of the person's head,"[76] or the "owner of the head. [192], The initiate is then taken into a neighbouring room, where altars have been set up. [217] Those who have performed seven years of initiatory rituals are called ebomi[218] or ebame. [280] Some practitioners became increasingly well known; the priestess Mãe Menininha do Gantois was often seen as a symbol of Brazil. [226] Le mot Candomblé signifie « danse rituelle en l'honneur des dieux ». En ce qui concerne les pratiquants dont l'orixa a été reconnu dans un terreiro, le poste d'Agibonâ peut leur être proposé. [288] The religion has also established a presence abroad, initially in other parts of Latin America like Argentina and Uruguay, and from the 1970s in Portugal. [206] The initiate's head is then shaved and two cuts made into the apex of it with a razor; a mix of animal blood and herbs may be added to the incisions. "[158], African-derived terms are used in ritual contexts, although do not exceed one thousand words. [239] [77] Women initiates who do not enter trance but assist those who do are called ekedi; their male counterparts are termed ogan. Ils sont tous connectés, d'une manière ou d'une autre, à un phénomène naturel spécifique (un concept qui se rapproche des divinités Kami du shintoïsme). [282] By the early 21st century, tourist literature increasingly portrayed Candomblé as an intrinsic part of Brazilian culture. Fondé sur la croyance en l'existence d'une âme propre à la nature, le candomblé a été introduit au Brésil par les esclaves issus de la traite des Noirs entre 1549 et 1888. [274], Candomblé became increasingly public in the 1930s, partly because Brazilians were increasingly encouraged to perceive themselves as part of a multi-racial, mixed society in the midst of President Getúlio Vargas' Estado Novo project. [180] Other body parts will then be consumed by the participants of the rite; the exception is if the sacrifice was for eguns, which is instead left to rot of placed in a river. [33] The precise number of Africans brought to Brazil is not known, although conservative estimates usually argue that the number was around four million. Some evidence suggests that the proportion of female priestesses grew over the course of the 20th century. [149] The membership of a terreiro is conceived as a "family"[152] and its initiates consider each one another to be 'brothers' and 'sisters' in the orixá (irmãos de santo). Candomblé: Brazil's Most Popular Religion You Know Nothing About. [51] Practitioners commonly believe that Olorun tasked him with creating humanity. A drummer plays while pre-existing initiates sing praise songs. [104] Another common divinatory practice involves slicing an onion in two and dropping the pieces to the ground drawing conclusions from the face onto which they fall;[247] alternatively a kola nut may be cut into quarters and read in the same way. [102] Precautions need to be taken regarding these entities, for they have the power to harm the living. [283] References to the religion's beliefs became more apparent in Brazilian society; Varig Airlines for instance used the tagline "Fly with Axé. [32] These are defined largely by which African language influences their terminology; the former uses Yoruba, the second Ewe, and the third the Bantu language group.
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