For example, the Iraqi revolt against the British was suppressed by the RAF Iraq Command during the summer of 1920. [citation needed] The Great Depression brought many changes to this picture. )[55] Atatürk did not get along well with General von Falkenhayn and, together with Miralay İsmet Bey, wrote a report to Grand Vizier Talaat Pasha regarding the grim situation and lack of adequate resources in the Palestinian front. In the years following 1926, Atatürk introduced a radical departure from previous reformations established by the Ottoman Empire. So many members were denounced as opposition sympathizers at a private meeting of the Republican People's Party (CHP) that Atatürk expressed his fear of being among the minority in his own party. Yilmaz Altuð, "Atatürk'ün Dis Politikasý," B.Ü. In 1935, the draft of what would become the Treaty of Saadabad was paragraphed in Geneva, but its signing was delayed due to the border dispute between Iran and Iraq. Atatürk instigated economic policies to develop small and large scale businesses, but also to create social strata (i.e. Dia telah membentuk semula aspek kehidupan rakyat Turki agar bersesuaian dengan tuntutan semasa yang dikenali sebagai … [101] He wanted to integrate the powers of the caliphate into the powers of the GNA. On 10 November 1924, it was renamed Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası or Republican People's Party (the word fırka was replaced by the word parti in 1935). Atatürk statues have been erected in all Turkish cities by the Turkish Government, and most towns have their own memorial to him. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk - retrouvez toute l'actualité, nos dossiers et nos émissions sur France Culture, le site de la chaîne des savoirs et de la création. [89] The fundamentals of nationalism, populism, and etatism were all defined under the Six Arrows. [92] He prevented the spread into Turkey of the totalitarian party rule which held sway in the Soviet Union, Germany, and Italy. Kaca iki pungkasan diowah nalika 15.29, 27 Sèptèmber 2020. He believed that Caliph Abdülmecid II was following in the steps of the sultans in domestic and foreign affairs: accepting of and responding to foreign representatives and reserve officers, and participating in official ceremonies and celebrations. On behalf of the League of Nations, the representatives of France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Turkey prepared a constitution for Hatay, which established it as an autonomous sanjak within Syria. [70] On 19 May 1919, he reached Samsun. (15): 265–295, Gokhan Cetinsaya "Essential friends and natural enemies: the historical roots of Turkish-Iranian relations. This page was last edited on 3 May 2021, at 03:35. The Turkish republic cannot be a country of sheiks, dervishes, and disciples. Ing serat Mustafa Kemal dhumateng Ali Fethi Okyar, panjenenganipun negesaken laisisme. Being deprived of independence in any of these is equivalent to the nation and country being deprived of all its independence." Ing wulan Oktober 1918 Ottoman pasrah bongkokan dhumateng Sakuthu, lan Mustafa Kemal dados salah satunggiling pamimpin parté ingkang milih kanggé mbéla wewengkon ingkang kirang langkung sami kaliyan ingkang dipunkuwaosi déning Turki sapunika, sauntawis sarujuk kanggé ngunduraken dhiri saking sadaya wewengkon sanèsipun. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. These bilateral agreements aligned with Atatürk's worldview. Kemalism is based on Atatürk's conception of realism and pragmatism. At the time, the republic used the Ottoman Turkish language written in the Arabic script with Arabic and Persian loan vocabulary. . [45] He joined a small secret revolutionary society of reformist officers led by a merchant Mustafa Elvan (Cantekin) called Vatan ve Hürriyet ("Motherland and Liberty"). Mustafa Kemal Atatürk proclamait la République turque il y a 95 ans. Those who opposed the Allies in various provinces in Turkey issued a declaration named Misak-ı Millî ("National Pact"). [102], In 1924, while the "Issue of Mosul" was on the table, Sheikh Said began to organize the Sheikh Said Rebellion. By the end of 1925, Turkey had signed fifteen joint agreements with Western states. Kemal Atatürk's name is associated with four women: Eleni Karinte, Fikriye Hanım, Dimitrina Kovacheva[236] and Latife Uşaklıgil. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, en Ankara con el rey de Afganistán, Amanulá Kan (1928). Concurrently, the republic abolished the two ministries and made clergy subordinate to the department of religious affairs, one of the foundations of secularism in Turkey. [74] In May 1920 the power struggle between the two governments led to a death sentence in absentia for Mustafa Kemal by the Turkish courts-martial. 93, pp. Né en 1881, Mustafa Kemal Pacha, qui deviendra en 1934 "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", est un homme politique qui fut le premier président de la république Turque. [60], On 1 December 1912, Atatürk arrived at his new headquarters on the Gallipoli peninsula and, during the First Balkan War, he took part in the amphibious landing at Bulair on the coast of Thrace under Binbaşı Fethi Bey, but this offensive was repulsed during the Battle of Bulair by Georgi Todorov's 7th Rila Infantry Division[61] under the command of Stiliyan Kovachev's Bulgarian Fourth Army.[62]. [44] According to Mikush however, he volunteered for this mission. [184][185], In his 26 April 1920 message to Vladimir Lenin, the Bolshevik leader and head of the Russian SFSR's government Atatürk promised to coordinate his military operations with the Bolsheviks' "fight against imperialist governments" and requested 5 million lira in gold as well as armaments "as first aid" to his forces. The liberation of a nation is only achieved through this way. This defining ideology of the Republic of Turkey is referred to as the "Six Arrows", or Kemalism. He persuaded the GNA to gather a National Army. His parents were Ali Rıza Efendi, a militia officer originally from Kodžadžik, title deed clerk and lumber trader, and Zübeyde Hanım. Mustafa Kemal Pacha, à partir de 1934 Atatürk, , né en 1881 à Salonique et mort à Istanbul le 10 novembre 1938, est un homme d'État turc, fondateur et premier président de la République de Turquie de 1923 à 1938. (május 19.) Mustafa Kemal wis born in the Ottoman ceety o Salonika (Turkis: Selânik, modren-day Thessaloniki, Greece) tae Ali Rıza Efendi an Zübeyde Hanım. For example, until the early 1930s, Turkish private business could not acquire exchange credits. During 1926, a plot to assassinate Atatürk was uncovered in Smyrna (İzmir). [citation needed][dubious – discuss], Atatürk's funeral called forth both sorrow and pride in Turkey, and 17 countries sent special representatives, while nine contributed armed detachments to the cortège. The new Turkish alphabet would serve as a replacement for the old Arabic script and a solution to the literacy problem, since the new alphabet did not retain the complexities of the Arabic script and could be learned within a few months. It countered the increasingly aggressive foreign policy of fascist Italy and the effect of a potential Bulgarian alignment with Nazi Germany. Atatürk and İsmet İnönü's pursuit of state-controlled economic policies was guided by a national vision; their goal was to knit the country together, eliminate foreign control of the economy, and improve communications within Turkey. Both the Turks and the various Balkan states felt threatened by Italian ambitions. Partly because of the continuing uncertainties along the northern frontier (present-day northern Iraq), the committee recommended that the region should be connected to Iraq with the condition that the UK would hold the British Mandate of Mesopotamia. We will never forget that President Atatürk was the true founder of the Turkish-Greek alliance based on a framework of common ideals and peaceful cooperation. [83], With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, efforts to modernise the country started. As part of the industrialization process, cotton planting was promoted to furnish raw material for future factory settlements. Regie, as part of the Council, had control over tobacco production, storage, and distribution (including export) with unchallenged price control. In 1923, Atatürk tried to persuade the GNA that accepting the arbitration of the League of Nations at the Treaty of Lausanne did not signify relinquishing Mosul, but rather waiting for a time when Turkey might be stronger. In November 1930, Ali Fethi Okyar dissolved his own party. The Balkan Pact was negotiated by Atatürk with Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia. Otoritarianisme Ataturk ingkang dipuncerahaken nilar ruangan ingkang cekap kanggé kagesangan privat ingkang bébas. The first Turkish newspaper using the new alphabet was published on 15 December 1928. As a result, he was sent away to Tripolitania Vilayet (present Libya, then an Ottoman territory) under the pretext of suppressing a tribal rebellion towards the end of 1908. Minister of War, Shefqet Mahmut Pasha, was personally involved in its printing. "[188], After the Turks withdrew their delegation from Geneva on 16 December 1925, they left the League of Nations Council to grant a mandate for the Mosul region to Britain without their consent. I recommend avoiding this. Épouse de Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, elle est Première dame de Turquie du 29 octobre 1923 au 5 août 1925 [14][158][12][11][159][160][161] However, the campaign went beyond the measures of a mere policy of speaking Turkish to an outright prevention of any other language. Establishing the civic law needed time, so Atatürk delayed the inclusion of the principle of laïcité (the constitutional principle of secularism in France) until 5 February 1937. Communist political figures such as Hikmet Kıvılcımlı, Nâzım Hikmet, and Şefik Hüsnü were tried and sentenced to prison terms. [145] These Turkish Qur'ans were fiercely opposed by members of the religious community, and the incident impelled many leading Muslim modernists to call upon the Turkish Parliament to sponsor a Qur'an translation of suitable quality. Such an event would result in an insurgent and hostile Muslim nation in close proximity to British territory in India. The first five-year economic plan promoted consumer substitution industries. The Turkish State Railway developed an extensive railway network in a very short time.
Les Grands Mythes L'odyssée Arte Diffusion, Koç Holding Fransa, Guillaume Erner Femme, Feu D'artifice Pontet, Chance De Devenir Astronaute, Titan Satellite De Saturne, Emploi Saisonnier Six-fours, Prix Tesla Model S,