[413] Renowned for his mischievous sense of humour,[414] he was known for being both stubborn and loyal,[415] and at times exhibited a quick temper. Mandela immersed himself in official talks to end white minority rule and in 1991 was elected ANC President to replace his ailing friend, Oliver Tambo. [442] Outside of South Africa, he was a "global icon",[443] with the scholar of South African studies Rita Barnard describing him as "one of the most revered figures of our time". In 1993 Nelson Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Thembu clan name, Madiba, and described as the "Father of the Nation". [214] Their marriage was increasingly strained as he learned of her affair with Dali Mpofu, but he supported her during her trial for kidnapping and assault. [126] Arriving in Ethiopia, Mandela met with Emperor Haile Selassie I, and gave his speech after Selassie's at the conference. [438] They divorced in March 1996. "[51], Mandela began studying law at the University of the Witwatersrand, where he was the only black African student and faced racism. Mandela met with Inkatha leader Buthelezi, but the ANC prevented further negotiations on the issue. "[334] That year, Mandela, Machel, and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders in Johannesburg to contribute their wisdom and independent leadership to some of the world's toughest problems. [181] Although considering Mandela a dangerous "arch-Marxist",[182] in February 1985 Botha offered him a release from prison if he "unconditionally rejected violence as a political weapon". [144] On 12 June 1964, justice De Wet found Mandela and two of his co-accused guilty on all four charges; although the prosecution had called for the death sentence to be applied, the judge instead condemned them to life imprisonment. [17] Feeling "cut adrift", he later said that he inherited his father's "proud rebelliousness" and "stubborn sense of fairness". Mandela's visit to Glasgow in 1993, the year before he became president of the Republic of South Africa, was the culmination of a long association between people in … Mandela opposed the strike because it was multi-racial and not ANC-led, but a majority of black workers took part, resulting in increased police repression and the introduction of the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950, affecting the actions of all protest groups. . "[392] Conversely, the biographer David Jones Smith stated that Mandela "embraced communism and communists" in the late 1950s and early 1960s,[393] while the historian Stephen Ellis commented that Mandela had assimilated much of the Marxist–Leninist ideology by 1960. [176] Conditions at Pollsmoor were better than at Robben Island, although Mandela missed the camaraderie and scenery of the island. "[68] Having devoted his time to politics, Mandela failed his final year at Witwatersrand three times; he was ultimately denied his degree in December 1949. [103], In December 1956, Mandela was arrested alongside most of the ANC national executive, and accused of "high treason" against the state. In 1993 Mandela and the white South African president FW de Klerk shared the Nobel Peace Prize. To cite this section MLA style: The Nobel Peace Prize 1993. Under Nelson Mandela leadership the injustice of apartheid has been addressed and to a large extent ended (at least politically and on paper). [62], In July 1947, Mandela rushed Lembede, who was ill, to hospital, where he died; he was succeeded as ANCYL president by the more moderate Peter Mda, who agreed to co-operate with communists and non-blacks, appointing Mandela ANCYL secretary. [174] Despite increasing foreign pressure, the government refused, relying on its Cold War allies US President Ronald Reagan and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher; both considered Mandela's ANC a terrorist organisation sympathetic to communism, and supported its suppression. [97], Following the end of a second ban in September 1955, Mandela went on a working holiday to Transkei to discuss the implications of the Bantu Authorities Act, 1951 with local tribal leaders, also visiting his mother and Noengland before proceeding to Cape Town. His inauguration took place in Pretoria on 10 May 1994, televised to a billion viewers globally. Tasked with a mission to manage Alfred Nobel's fortune and has ultimate responsibility for fulfilling the intentions of Nobel's will. Both de Klerk and Mbeki appealed to have parts of the report suppressed, though only de Klerk's appeal was successful. [82] With further protests, the ANC's membership grew from 20,000 to 100,000 members; the government responded with mass arrests and introduced the Public Safety Act, 1953 to permit martial law. Nobel Peace Prize 1993. [286], Mandela expressed the view that "South Africa's future foreign relations [should] be based on our belief that human rights should be the core of international relations". [207] Encouraging foreign countries to support sanctions against the apartheid government, he met President François Mitterrand in France, Pope John Paul II in the Vatican, and Thatcher in the United Kingdom. On 13 April 1992, Mandela publicly announced his separation from Winnie. B. [346][347] After a successful medical procedure in early March 2013,[348] his lung infection recurred and he was briefly hospitalised in Pretoria. Seeing the ANC as ineffectual, the BCM called for militant action, but following the Soweto uprising of 1976, many BCM activists were imprisoned on Robben Island. In 1962 Mandela was arrested by the authorities, and two years later he … [245] Retaining his Houghton home, he also had a house built in his home village of Qunu, which he visited regularly, walking around the area, meeting with locals, and judging tribal disputes. [332][333] He spoke with US Senator Hillary Clinton and President George W. Bush and first met the then-Senator Barack Obama. I was prepared to use whatever means necessary to speed up the erasure of human prejudice and the end of chauvinistic and violent nationalism. [316], Retiring in June 1999, Mandela aimed to lead a quiet family life, divided between Johannesburg and Qunu. [150], The political prisoners took part in work and hunger strikes—the latter considered largely ineffective by Mandela—to improve prison conditions, viewing this as a microcosm of the anti-apartheid struggle. Bush, addressed both Houses of Congress and visited eight cities, being particularly popular among the African-American community. [146] Isolated from non-political prisoners in Section B, Mandela was imprisoned in a damp concrete cell measuring 8 feet (2.4 m) by 7 feet (2.1 m), with a straw mat on which to sleep. [244] Moving into the presidential office at Tuynhuys in Cape Town, Mandela allowed de Klerk to retain the presidential residence in the Groote Schuur estate, instead settling into the nearby Westbrooke manor, which he renamed "Genadendal", meaning "Valley of Mercy" in Afrikaans. [59] Their first child, Madiba "Thembi" Thembekile, was born in February 1945; a daughter, Makaziwe, was born in 1947 but died of meningitis nine months later. [61] In early 1947, his three years of articles ended at Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, and he decided to become a full-time student, subsisting on loans from the Bantu Welfare Trust. Mandela wore a Springbok shirt at the final against New Zealand, and after the Springboks won the match, Mandela presented the trophy to captain Francois Pienaar, an Afrikaner. [324] Mandela publicised AIDS as the cause of his son Makgatho's death in January 2005, to defy the stigma about discussing the disease. Bill Clinton a Nelson Mandela, 4. júl 1993 Ako prezident ANK (júl 1991 – december 1997 ) a ako prvý čierny prezident Južnej Afriky (máj 1994 – jún 1999 ) sa Mandela podieľal na prechode od vlády menšiny a rasovej segregácie k demokratickej vláde väčšiny. Mandela rejected these conditions, insisting that the ANC would end its armed activities only when the government renounced violence. That speech—which was inspired by Castro's "History Will Absolve Me"—was widely reported in the press despite official censorship. Baptised a Methodist, Mandela was given the English forename of "Nelson" by his teacher. [320][321], In 2002, Mandela inaugurated the Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture, and in 2003 the Mandela Rhodes Foundation was created at Rhodes House, University of Oxford, to provide postgraduate scholarships to African students. [354], After suffering from a prolonged respiratory infection, Mandela died on 5 December 2013 at the age of 95, at around 20:50 local time at his home in Houghton, surrounded by his family. In 1993, Mandela won the Nobel Peace Prize with F. W. de Klerk for their work during the civil rights revolution in South Africa. Mandela received more than 260 awards over 40 years, most notably the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. [212] At the ANC's July 1991 national conference in Durban, Mandela admitted that the party had faults and announced his aim to build a "strong and well-oiled task force" for securing majority rule. [429], Mandela was very self-conscious about being a man and regularly made references to manhood. Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution, Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944. [297][298], Mandela echoed Mbeki's calls for an "African Renaissance", and was greatly concerned with issues on the continent. [15] Both his parents were illiterate, but being a devout Christian, his mother sent him to a local Methodist school when he was about seven. [255] Having seen other post-colonial African economies damaged by the departure of white elites, Mandela worked to reassure South Africa's white population that they were protected and represented in "the Rainbow Nation". - BGWA65 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. To prevent the creation of martyrs, the commission granted individual amnesties in exchange for testimony of crimes committed during the apartheid era. Representing himself with Slovo as legal advisor, Mandela intended to use the trial to showcase "the ANC's moral opposition to racism" while supporters demonstrated outside the court. [20] He attended a Methodist mission school located next to the palace, where he studied English, Xhosa, history and geography. Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in the village of Mvezo in Umtata, then part of South Africa's Cape Province. Mandela was in Glasgow to receive the 'Freedom of the City' honour. Clarkebury, Healdtown, and Fort Hare: 1934–1940, Law studies and the ANC Youth League: 1943–1949, Defiance Campaign and Transvaal ANC Presidency: 1950–1954, Congress of the People and the Treason Trial: 1955–1961, Victor Verster Prison and release: 1988–1990, Continued activism and philanthropy: 1999–2004, Orders, decorations, monuments, and honours, Mandela used the spelling Rolihlahla, see for example, The text of Mandela's speech can be found at, the passes that they were legally obliged to carry, University of London International Programmes, Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding, Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa, Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa, attacked the Kempton Park World Trade Centre, South Africa's first post-apartheid military operation, List of awards and honours bestowed upon Nelson Mandela, Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights, Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, "SACP statement on the passing away of Madiba", "SACP confirms Nelson Mandela was a member", "Ex-CIA spy admits tip led to Nelson Mandela's long imprisonment", "Mandela's response to being offered freedom", "Nelson Mandela's address to Rally in Cape Town on his Release from Prison", "This Day in History: April 27, 1994: South Africa holds first multiracial elections", "Mandela becomes SA's first black president", "How Nelson Mandela won the rugby World Cup", "Healing inequalities: The free health care policy", "Land Reform Policies in South Africa Compare To Human Rights Internationally", "No. [179] He was appointed patron of the multi-racial United Democratic Front (UDF), founded to combat reforms implemented by South African President P. W. Botha. [378], Although he presented himself in an autocratic manner in several speeches, Mandela was a devout believer in democracy and abided by majority decisions even when deeply disagreeing with them. Although some were deeply opposed to his plans, de Klerk met with Mandela in December to discuss the situation, a meeting both men considered friendly, before legalising all formerly banned political parties in February 1990 and announcing Mandela's unconditional release. [84], In July 1952, Mandela was arrested under the Suppression of Communism Act and stood trial as one of the 21 accused—among them Moroka, Sisulu, and Yusuf Dadoo—in Johannesburg. [54] In 1943, Mandela met Anton Lembede, an ANC member affiliated with the "Africanist" branch of African nationalism, which was virulently opposed to a racially united front against colonialism and imperialism or to an alliance with the communists. [86] In September 1953, Andrew Kunene read out Mandela's "No Easy Walk to Freedom" speech at a Transvaal ANC meeting; the title was taken from a quote by Indian independence leader Jawaharlal Nehru, a seminal influence on Mandela's thought. Mandela was in Glasgow to receive the 'Freedom of the City' honour. [363] His US$4.1 million estate was left to his widow, other family members, staff, and educational institutions. Although he set about authoring a sequel to his first autobiography, to be titled The Presidential Years, it was abandoned before publication. [363] Mandela has also been depicted in films on multiple occasions. [217], The Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) began in December 1991 at the Johannesburg World Trade Centre, attended by 228 delegates from 19 political parties. [308] Although Mandela had often governed decisively in his first two years as president,[309] he had subsequently increasingly delegated duties to Mbeki, retaining only a close personal supervision of intelligence and security measures. [12], Mandela later stated that his early life was dominated by traditional Thembu custom and taboo. [467] [248] Despite his opulent surroundings, Mandela lived simply, donating a third of his R 552,000 annual income to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, which he had founded in 1995. [424], He was raised in the Methodist denomination of Christianity; the Methodist Church of Southern Africa claimed that he retained his allegiance to them throughout his life. [236] The election went ahead with little violence, although an AWB cell killed 20 with car bombs. [201], Leaving Victor Verster Prison on 11 February, Mandela held Winnie's hand in front of amassed crowds and the press; the event was broadcast live across the world. Although Africanists opposed his candidacy, Mandela was elected to be regional president in October. [304] De Klerk opposed the implementation of this constitution, and that month he and the National Party withdrew from the coalition government in protest, claiming that the ANC were not treating them as equals. [64] In 1947, Mandela was elected to the executive committee of the ANC's Transvaal Province branch, serving under regional president C. S. Ramohanoe. [462] The US government's State and Defense departments officially designated the ANC as a terrorist organisation, resulting in Mandela remaining on their terrorism watch-list until 2008. Referred to as the "Black Pimpernel" in the press—a reference to Emma Orczy's 1905 novel The Scarlet Pimpernel—a warrant for his arrest was put out by the police. [488], "Mandela" redirects here. [432] Another biographer, Martin Meredith, characterised him as being "by nature a romantic", highlighting that he had relationships with various women. [328][329] Retaining an interest in the Lockerbie suspect, he visited Megrahi in Barlinnie prison and spoke out against the conditions of his treatment, referring to them as "psychological persecution". Mandela was appointed president of the ANC's Transvaal branch, rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. 1995 : Barrage de Katse - Une rue Nelson mandela Road est inauguré le 13 juillet 1995. Mandela was more at ease with Mbeki's successor, Zuma,[338] although the Nelson Mandela Foundation was upset when his grandson, Mandla Mandela, flew him out to the Eastern Cape to attend a pro-Zuma rally in the midst of a storm in 2009. [465] His government would be criticised for its failure to deal with both the HIV/AIDS pandemic and the high levels of poverty in South Africa. [226] In July 1993, both Mandela and de Klerk visited the US, independently meeting President Bill Clinton and each receiving the Liberty Medal. [352] In September 2013, Mandela was discharged from hospital,[353] although his condition remained unstable. [158] His mother visited in 1968, dying shortly after, and his firstborn son Thembi died in a car accident the following year; Mandela was forbidden from attending either funeral. [317] Mandela found such seclusion difficult and reverted to a busy public life involving daily programme of tasks, meetings with world leaders and celebrities, and—when in Johannesburg—working with the Nelson Mandela Foundation, founded in 1999 to focus on rural development, school construction, and combating HIV/AIDS. [295] Castro visited in 1998 to widespread popular acclaim, and Mandela met Gaddafi in Libya to award him the Order of Good Hope. Coetsee organised negotiations between Mandela and a team of four government figures starting in May 1988; the team agreed to the release of political prisoners and the legalisation of the ANC on the condition that they permanently renounce violence, break links with the Communist Party, and not insist on majority rule. [466], Over the course of his life, Mandela was given over 250 awards, accolades, prizes, honorary degrees and citizenships in recognition of his political achievements. [133][134] Jailed in Johannesburg's Marshall Square prison, Mandela was charged with inciting workers' strikes and leaving the country without permission. Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) Africa's greatest freedom symbol. [159] His wife was rarely able to see him, being regularly imprisoned for political activity, and his daughters first visited in December 1975. [83] In May, authorities banned Transvaal ANC President J. Mandela became the first black president of South Africa. [430] He was heterosexual,[431] and biographer Fatima Meer said that he was "easily tempted" by women. was developed by journalist Percy Qoboza, sparking an international campaign that led the UN Security Council to call for his release. [28] The headmaster emphasised the superiority of European culture and government, but Mandela became increasingly interested in native African culture, making his first non-Xhosa friend, a speaker of Sotho, and coming under the influence of one of his favourite teachers, a Xhosa who broke taboo by marrying a Sotho. [318] Although he had been heavily criticised for failing to do enough to fight the HIV/AIDS pandemic during his presidency, he devoted much of his time to the issue following his retirement, describing it as "a war" that had killed more than "all previous wars"; affiliating himself with the Treatment Action Campaign, he urged Mbeki's government to ensure that HIV-positive South Africans had access to anti-retrovirals. [197] Botha was replaced as state president by de Klerk six weeks later; the new president believed that apartheid was unsustainable and released a number of ANC prisoners. [24], Intending to gain skills needed to become a privy councillor for the Thembu royal house, in 1933 Mandela began his secondary education at Clarkebury Methodist High School in Engcobo, a Western-style institution that was the largest school for black Africans in Thembuland. [163] He was replaced by Commander Willie Willemse, who developed a co-operative relationship with Mandela and was keen to improve prison standards. [40] Mandela found work as a night watchman at Crown Mines, his "first sight of South African capitalism in action", but was fired when the induna (headman) discovered that he was a runaway. [330], In June 2004, aged 85 and amid failing health, Mandela announced that he was "retiring from retirement" and retreating from public life, remarking, "Don't call me, I will call you. "[447] He is often cited alongside Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr. as one of the 20th century's exemplary anti-racist and anti-colonial leaders. [232] Mandela devoted much time to fundraising for the ANC, touring North America, Europe and Asia to meet wealthy donors, including former supporters of the apartheid regime. [48] In late 1941, Jongintaba visited Johannesburg—there forgiving Mandela for running away—before returning to Thembuland, where he died in the winter of 1942. [191], Recovering from tuberculosis exacerbated by the damp conditions in his cell,[192] in December 1988, Mandela was moved to Victor Verster Prison near Paarl. The action was not authorised by Mandela himself, who was out of the country at the time, but by Buthelezi, who was serving as acting president during Mandela's absence. [177] Getting on well with Pollsmoor's commanding officer, Brigadier Munro, Mandela was permitted to create a roof garden;[178] he also read voraciously and corresponded widely, now permitted 52 letters a year. [342] In mid-2013, as Mandela was hospitalised for a lung infection in Pretoria, his descendants were involved in an intra-family legal dispute relating to the burial place of Mandela's children, and ultimately Mandela himself. [89] As a lawyer of aristocratic heritage, Mandela was part of Johannesburg's elite black middle-class, and accorded much respect from the black community. [194][195], In 1989, Botha suffered a stroke; although he would retain the state presidency, he stepped down as leader of the National Party, to be replaced by F. W. de Klerk. [435] His first marriage was to Evelyn Ntoko Mase in October 1944;[436] they divorced in March 1958 under the multiple strains of his adultery and constant absences, devotion to revolutionary agitation, and the fact that she was a Jehovah's Witness, a religion requiring political neutrality. [39], Returning to Mqhekezweni in December 1940, Mandela found that Jongintaba had arranged marriages for him and Justice; dismayed, they fled to Johannesburg via Queenstown, arriving in April 1941.
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