In the year 1958, US became the first country to test A-SAT technology, the USSR followed in 1964 and China in 2007. The Soviet Union also experimented with large, ground-based ASAT lasers from the 1970s onward (see Terra-3), with a number of U.S. spy-satellites reportedly[citation needed] being "blinded" (temporarily) during the 1970s and 1980s. The missile system was developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)—a research wing of the Indian defence services. Simultaneous U.S. Navy projects were also abandoned although smaller projects did continue until the early 1970s. Other research was based on more conventional lasers or masers and developed to include the idea of a satellite with a fixed laser and a deployable mirror for targeting. On 21 February 2008, the U.S. Navy destroyed the malfunctioning U.S. spy satellite USA-193 using a ship-fired RIM-161 Standard Missile 3. Nonetheless, the strategic implications of a possible unforeseen breakthrough in technology forced the USSR to initiate massive spending on research in the 12th Five Year Plan, drawing all the various parts of the project together under the control of GUKOS and matching the U.S. proposed deployment date of 2000. The use of satellites for communication, reconnaissance and, in recent decades, navigation have effectively meant it was inevitable that major powers develop countermeasures to disrupt the capabilities of rivals. [56], The Global Positioning System and communications satellites orbit at higher altitudes of 20000 km (12000 mi) and 36000 km (22000 mi) respectively, putting them out of range of solid-fuelled Intercontinental ballistic missiles. Evidence suggests that the same SC-19 system was also tested in 2005, 2006, 2010, and 2013,[20] although none of those events created any long-lived orbital debris. [27] On 20 February 2008, it was announced that the launch was carried out successfully and an explosion was observed consistent with the destruction of the hydrazine fuel tank. История России", "Did Star Wars Help End the Cold War? Another area of research was directed into energy weapons, including a nuclear-explosion powered X-ray laser proposal developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in 1968. It too was adapted for the anti-satellite role, and made an attempted intercept on Explorer 5 on 22 September 1959. An upgraded version was developed in the 1980s that could target manoeuvring satellites; however, the Soviet-origin co-orbital ASAT system was decommissioned by Russia in 1993. Russia has also conducted at least seven tests of a ground-based ASAT missile, the PL-19 Nudol. Japan also has a regional satellite navigation system. The ASAT weapon “apparently came within four miles of its target”; the programme was called 'Bold Orion'. [25] On 14 February 2008, it was reported that the United States Navy had been instructed to fire an RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 ABM weapon at it, to act as an anti-satellite weapon. [11] The first successful test (the second overall) achieved 32 hits (each could penetrate 100 mm of armour).[12]. The USSR had also researched directed energy weapons, under the Fon project from 1976, but the technical requirements needed of the high-powered gas dynamic lasers and neutral or charged particle beam systems seemed to be beyond reach. 02.04.2019 . [41] The interceptor was able to strike a test satellite at a 300-kilometre (186 mi) altitude in low earth orbit (LEO), thus successfully testing its ASAT missile. The Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community in 2018 claimed China had formed military units that have begun “operational training with counterspace capabilities”. [50] Brian Weeden of Secure World Foundation agreed, but warned about the possibility of some fragments getting boosted to higher orbits. The US first tested ASAT technology in 1958, the USSR followed in 1964 and China in 2007. Research in the U.S. and the Soviet Union was proving that the requirements, at least for orbital based energy weapon systems, were, with available technology, close to impossible. [31][32], A new type of ASAT missile was seen carried by a MiG-31 in September 2018. One area of research was development of a 'miniature' anti-satellite missile that could be carried on the then-brand-new MiG-31 fighter. China would prefer to cut off deployed units from each other and then negotiate with the NCA to have the battle group withdraw or stand down, but ASATs could only achieve the opposite. Research and Development (both of ASAT systems and other space based/deployed weapons) has, however, reported to have been resumed under the government of Vladimir Putin as a counter to renewed U.S. Strategic Defense efforts post Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. [54] Russia acknowledged India's statement on the test not being targeted against any nation and invited India to join the Russian–Chinese proposal for a treaty against weaponisation of space. The flight test of Russia’s direct ascent anti-satellite missile, known as Nudol, took place Nov. 18, according to defense officials familiar with reports of the test. The IS system was "co-orbital", approaching its target over time and then exploding a shrapnel warhead close enough to kill it. The initial efforts by the USA and the USSR were using ground-launched missiles from the Both Slazer and the NASIC report pointed to the example of China's anti-satellite test in 2007. [9] Although successful, the program was cancelled in 1988. [29], In May 2016, Russia tested the Nudol for the second time. The initial efforts by the United States and the Soviet Union used ground-launched missiles from the 1950s; many more exotic proposals came afterwards. Although satellites have been successfully intercepted at low orbiting altitudes, the tracking of military satellites for a length of time could be complicated by defensive measures like inclination changes. Further testing of weapons effects was carried out under the DOMINIC I series. [40], On 27 March 2019, India successfully conducted an ASAT test called Mission Shakti. The first stage was intended to be completed by 2000 at a cost of around $125 billion. The missile is guided by an on-board radar. The missile successfully passed within 6.4 km (4 mi) of the satellite, which would be suitable for use with a nuclear weapon, but useless for conventional warheads.[7].
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