Like most others in the modern world, Nietzsche was influenced by Immanuel Kant’s agnosticism. Heated debates over meaning, for example on the will to power or on the status of women in Nietzsche’s works, provided even the most vehement critics such as Peter Kropotkin with productive cues for developing their own theories. Nietzsche's influence on Continental philosophy increased dramatically after the Second World War. Wodehouse, is a fan of Baruch Spinoza, recommending his works to his employer, Bertie Wooster over those of Friedrich Nietzsche: You would not enjoy Nietzsche, sir. The theme of the aesthetic justification of existence Nietzsche introduced from his earliest writings, in "The Birth of Tragedy" declaring sublime art as the only metaphysical consolation of existence; and in the context of fascism and Nazism, the Nietzschean aestheticization of politics void of morality and ordered by caste hierarchy in service of the creative caste, has posed many problems and questions for thinkers in contemporary times. Nietzsche’s work in the beginning was heavily influenced, either positively or negatively, by the events of his young life. Hot;er mentioned Nietzsche when he … Sauf que Nietzsche n’y est pour rien dans la mort de Dieu. However, it is not always possible to determine whether or not they actually read his work. He is fundamentally unsound. [36] Nietzsche also influenced Theodor Lessing. [8] Other authors like Melendez (2001) point out to the parallels between Hitler's and Nietzsche's titanic anti-egalitarianism,[9] and the idea of the "übermensch",[10] a term which was frequently used by Hitler and Mussolini to refer to the so-called "Aryan race", or rather, its projected future after fascist engineering. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche Écouter, né le 15 octobre 1844 à Röcken, en Prusse, et mort le 25 août 1900 à Weimar, en Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, est un philosophe, critique culturel, compositeur, poète, écrivain et philologue allemand dont l'œuvre a exercé une profonde influence sur l'histoire intellectuelle moderne. (The influence of Zen Buddhism on this sort of thinking is also very strong.). Martin Buber was fascinated by Nietzsche, whom he praised as a heroic figure, and he strove to introduce "a Nietzschean perspective into Zionist affairs." Many of Nietzsche's ideas, particularly on artists and aesthetics, are incorporated and explored throughout Mann's works. According to Sunshine: "The list is not limited to culturally oriented anarchists such as Emma Goldman, who gave dozens of lectures about Nietzsche and baptized him as an honorary anarchist. "[38], Carl Jung, the psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology, recognized Nietzsche's profundity early on. 3, Sep., 1947, pp. not a Germanic master race but a neo-imperial elite of culturally refined "redeemers" of humanity, which was otherwise considered wretched and plebeian and ugly in its mindless existence. Do let us know which one was your favorite in the comments section below. Thomas Mann's essays mention Nietzsche with respect and even adoration, although one of his final essays, "Nietzsche's Philosophy in the Light of Recent History", looks at his favorite philosopher through the lens of Nazism and World War II and ends up placing Nietzsche at a more critical distance. There are four points of contact between Friedrich Nietzsche and Hindu thought. First, he read the Ramayana in the original Sanskrit and produced a paper on this work while in the equivalent of High School. Thomas Mann (1875-1955) wrote repeatedly about him and his characters are often engaged in struggles to define their ideas in a world in which old philosophies are decaying, like Nietzsche, torn between romanticism and rationalism (notably in The Magic Mountain). [47] Foucault's later writings, for example, revise Nietzsche's genealogical method to develop anti-foundationalist theories of power that divide and fragment rather than unite polities (as evinced in the liberal tradition of political theory). 62, No. Before pursuing a career in philosophy, Neitzsche was […] Although the direct influence of this school hardly lasted out the decade, other theologians used Nietzsche’s thought as well, notably embracing his idea that human values should be based not on denial (“thou shalt not”) but on affirmation (“thou shalt”). The goal of life should be to find yourself. His emphasis on process in theology resembles some of Nietzsche’s ideas. "Forget not thy whip"-- but nine women out of ten would get the whip away from him, and he knew it, so he kept away from women, and soothed his wounded vanity with unkind remarks. October 12, 2016 elizabeth.wasson. Novelists Franz Kafka, Joseph Conrad, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, André Malraux, Nikos Kazantzakis, André Gide, Knut Hamsun, August Strindberg, James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, Vladimir Bartol and Pío Baroja; psychologists Sigmund Freud, Otto Gross, C. G. Jung, Alfred Adler, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Rollo May and Kazimierz Dąbrowski; poets John Davidson, Rainer Maria Rilke, Wallace Stevens and William Butler Yeats; painters Salvador Dalí, Wassily Kandinsky, Pablo Picasso, Mark Rothko; playwrights George Bernard Shaw, Antonin Artaud, August Strindberg, and Eugene O'Neill; and authors H. P. Lovecraft, Olaf Stapledon, Menno ter Braak, Richard Wright, Robert E. Howard, and Jack London. Friedrich Nietzsche, the rebel of 19th-century philosophy who died 116 years ago on Aug. 25, would probably recognize some of his ideas in modern society. [...] [H]e is so full of fear and hatred that spontaneous love of mankind seems to him impossible. A girlfriend of Mussolini, Margherita Sarfatti,[14] who was Jewish, relates that Nietzsche virtually was the transforming factor in Mussolini's "conversion" from hard socialism to spiritualistic, ascetic fascism,:[15] "In 1908 he presented his conception of the superman's role in modern society in a writing on Nietzsche entitled, "The Philosophy of Force.". Some authors claim that he probably never read Nietzsche, or that if he did, his reading was not extensive. Nietzsche’s relativism has had a powerful influence on two of the most important modern French Deconstructionist philosophers, Jacques Derrida (b. It is not surprising that an author who embraced such contradictions should have influenced thinkers of an extraordinary variety. Early twentieth-century thinkers who read or were influenced by Nietzsche include: philosophers Martin Heidegger, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Ernst Jünger, Theodor Adorno, Georg Brandes, Martin Buber, Karl Jaspers, Henri Bergson, Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, Leo Strauss, Michel Foucault, Julius Evola, Emil Cioran, Miguel de Unamuno, Lev Shestov, Ayn Rand, José Ortega y Gasset, Rudolf Steiner and Muhammad Iqbal; sociologists Ferdinand Tönnies and Max Weber; composers Richard Strauss, Alexander Scriabin, Gustav Mahler, and Frederick Delius; historians Oswald Spengler, Fernand Braudel[45] and Paul Veyne, theologians Paul Tillich and Thomas J.J. Altizer; the occultists Aleister Crowley; and Erwin Neutzsky-Wulff. Thomas Altizer (b.1927) created a sensation (and found himself on the cover of Time) in the 1960s by helping to create the oxymoronically named “death of God theology” together with a number of other theologians who argued for religion without God. Ernst Nolte the German historian, in his literature analyzing fascism and Nazism, presented Nietzsche as a force of the Counter-Enlightenment and foe of all modern "emancipation politics", and Nolte's judgment generated impassioned dialogue. Nietzsche was declared an honorary anarchist by Emma Goldman, and he influenced other anarchists such as Guy Aldred, Rudolf Rocker, Max Cafard and John Moore. Because of Nietzsche's evocativestyle and provocative ideas, his philosophy generates passionate reactions. People who hate their bodies or are in tension with them need to learn how to accept and integrate their physical selves with their minds instead of seeing them as in tension with each other. It is the privilege of great individuals to become guilty in history. "From the time Jung first became gripped by Nietzsche’s ideas as a student in Basel to his days as a leading figure in the psychoanalytic movement, Jung read, and increasingly developed, his own thought in a dialogue with the work of Nietzsche. Nietzsche, analytical psychology and psychoanalysis, O. Ewald, "German Philosophy in 1907", in The Philosophical Review, Vol. The wide popularity of Nietzsche among Nazis stemmed in part from the endeavors of his sister, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, the editor of Nietzsche's work after his 1889 breakdown, and an eventual Nazi sympathizer. According to Ernest Jones, biographer and personal acquaintance of Sigmund Freud, Freud frequently referred to Nietzsche as having "more penetrating knowledge of himself than any man who ever lived or was likely to live". The appropriation of Nietzsche's work by the Nazis, combined with the rise of analytic philosophy, ensured that British and American academic philosophers would almost completely ignore him until at least 1950. Athletes, musicians, etc. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) was notoriously unread and uninfluential during his own lifetime, and his works suffered considerable distortion in the hands of his sister Elisabeth, who managed his literary estate and twisted his philosophy into a set of ideas supporting Hitler and Nazism (Hitler had Thus Spoke Zarathustra issued to every soldier in the German army). In The Will to Power Nietzsche praised – sometimes metaphorically, other times both metaphorically and literally – the sublimity of war and warriors, and heralded an international ruling race that would become the "lords of the earth". Many people suffer from impaired self-esteem; they need to work on being proud of themselves. Knowledge and strength are greater virtues than humility and submission. 1930) and Michel Foucault (1926-1984). The entire “human potential movement” and humanistic psychology (Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Rollo May, etc.) 828-843; C. E. Forth, "Nietzsche, Decadence, and Regeneration in France, 1891-95", in Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. Russell is here depicting the "hard Nietzsche" very few today would recognize. He read Nietzsche’s works very early, beginning in 1892. While both scholars were contemporaries and concentrated on the function of truth, Nietzsche’s philosophy advocated a scientific approach which renounced all religious frameworks, while James’ theory enabled one to find truth even in the metaphysical. Pour Nietzsche la mort de Dieu doit donner naissance à d’autres chimères. Beginning while Nietzsche was still alive, though incapacitated by mental illness, many Germans discovered his appeals for greater heroic individualism and personality development in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, but responded to those appeals in diverging ways. The USC Nietzsche Page Warning: this page downloads the opening to Richard Strauss’ Also sprach Zarathustra to your computer, which can take a while; but at least it stops when it’s played through once. Alfred Rosenberg, an influential Nazi ideologist, also delivered a speech in which he related National Socialism to Nietzsche's ideology. [13], On the other hand, it is known that Mussolini early on heard lectures about Nietzsche, Vilfredo Pareto, and others in ideologically forming fascism. Mazzino Montinari, while editing Nietzsche's posthumous works in the 1960s, found that Förster-Nietzsche, while editing the posthumous fragments making up The Will to Power, had cut extracts, changed their order, quoted him out of context, etc. Second, he was very fond of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s work which was heavily influenced by the Bhagavad Gita. [16] Nevertheless, Nietzsche's ideas generated strong interest from key figures from the historical anarchist movement which began in the 1890s. Friedrich Nietzsche was born in Roecken, near Leipzig, in 1844 and died in Weimar in 1900. Jung never openly addressed the exact influence Nietzsche had on his own concepts, and when he did link his own ideas to Nietzsche’s, he almost never made it clear whether the idea in question was inspired by Nietzsche or whether he merely discovered the parallel at a later stage. "[20] Lacking in Nietzsche is the anarchist utopian-egalitarian belief that every soul is capable of epic greatness: Nietzsche's aristocratic elitism is the death-knell of any Nietzschean conventional anarchism. [29], Nietzsche's reception among the more intellectually percipient or zealous fascists was not universally warm. Besides Kanzantzakis, many novelists have drawn on Nietzsche. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) is one of the major figures of 19th-century European philosophy, whose influence on 20th-century thought was rivaled only by Marx. Their constant use of Nietzsche’s catch phrase is a reminder of their indebtedness to him. The future influences the present just as much as the past. He was interested in the enhancement of individual and cultural health, and believed in life, creativity, power, and the realities of the world we live in, rather than those situated in a world beyond. The highest virtue is to be true to yourself (consider these song titles from a generation ago: “I Gotta Be Me,” “I Did It My Way”). This philosophical movement (originating with the work of Bataille) has been dubbed French Nietzscheanism. According to Kazantzakis, God is the result of whatever the most energetic and heroic people value and create. Thomas H. Brobjer, "Philologica: A Possible Solution to the Stirner-Nietzsche Question", in, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche § Criticism of Anti-Semitism and nationalism, Spencer Sunshine, "Nietzsche and the Anarchists", "Jung's Reception of Friedrich Nietzsche", Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche&oldid=1019254312, Articles needing cleanup from February 2020, Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from February 2020, Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from February 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 22 April 2021, at 09:36. [1], By World War I, German soldiers even received copies of Thus Spoke Zarathustra as gifts. “The future influences the present just as much as the past.” Friedrich Nietzsche. His opinion of women, like every man's, is an objectification of his own emotion towards them, which is obviously one of fear. In one particularly harsh section, he says: It is obvious that in his day-dreams he is a warrior, not a professor; all of the men he admires were military. ‘Nietzsche explanation’ a more rational explanation of Nietzsche’s work. For example, one "rabidly Nazi writer, Curt von Westernhagen, who announced in his book Nietzsche, Juden, Antijuden (1936) that the time had come to expose the 'defective personality of Nietzsche whose inordinate tributes for, and espousal of, Jews had caused him to depart from the Germanic principles enunciated by Meister Richard Wagner'. Friedrich Nietzsche's influence and reception varied widely and may be roughly divided into various chronological periods. In fact, I blamed the failure of my first book, The Birth of Tragedy, on a latent Hegelianism I contracted while at school. He was also became lover of Lou Andreas-Salomé, a woman who ten years earlier Nietzsche loved unrequitedly. He argued that nothing was more alien to Nietzsche than the pan-Germanism, racism, militarism and anti-Semitism of the Nazis, into whose service the German philosopher had been pressed. People’s values are shaped by the cultures they live in; as society changes we need changed values. However, Gabriel Sheffer suggests that Herzl was too bourgeois and too eager to be accepted into mainstream society to be much of a revolutionary (even an "aristocratic" one), and hence could not have been strongly influenced by Nietzsche, but remarks, "Some East European Jewish intellectuals, such as the writers Yosef Hayyim Brenner and Micha Josef Berdyczewski, followed after Herzl because they thought that Zionism offered the chance for a Nietzschean 'transvaluation of values' within Jewry". Overcoming feelings of guilt is an important step to mental health. Once an affinity like this is appreciated, the absurdity of describing Nietzsche's political thought as 'fascist', or Nazi, becomes readily apparent. Friedrich Nietzsche, (born October 15, 1844, Röcken, Saxony, Prussia [Germany]—died August 25, 1900, Weimar, Thuringian States), German classical scholar, philosopher, and critic of culture, who became one of the most influential of all modern thinkers. Friedrich Nietzsche was a German philosopher living in the late 1800s. As a result, he was raised in a household consisting of his mother, grandmother, two aunts, and a younger sister. [25] Bataille here was sharp-witted but combined half-truths without his customary dialectical finesse. [...] The effect of both is immeasurably great, even greater in general thinking than in technical philosophy. The main conclusion reached in the investigation is that Nietzsche influenced the Third Reich through his sister Elisabeth, who associated his name and philosophy in the name of National Socialism. [18] Thus far, no plagiarism has been detected at all, but a probable concealed influence in his formative years.